Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from a blow, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head that disrupts normal brain function. Severity ranges widely, from a mild concussion to a severe, life-threatening injury.
Classification
- Mild TBI — a concussion, with brief or no loss of consciousness.
- Moderate TBI — a longer period of loss of consciousness with some structural brain injury.
- Severe TBI — extended unconsciousness with significant brain damage.
Symptoms
Headache, confusion, dizziness, and nausea are common even in mild cases. Memory problems can follow. In more severe cases, symptoms include loss of consciousness, seizures, unequal pupil size, or worsening neurological deficits over time.
Causes
Falls, road traffic accidents, sports injuries, and assaults are the most common causes of traumatic brain injury across all age groups.
Diagnosis
A CT scan is the first-line imaging tool used in emergency settings to detect bleeding or swelling inside the skull. MRI provides a more detailed assessment once the patient is stabilized. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is used in severe cases to guide ongoing treatment.
Treatment Options
Mild cases are typically managed with rest and close monitoring. Moderate to severe cases require hospitalization, often in a neuro critical care unit, with continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure. Decompressive surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure caused by bleeding or brain swelling. Recovery often continues afterward with structured neuro-rehabilitation to support functional recovery.
When to Seek Emergency Care
Any head injury involving loss of consciousness, repeated vomiting, worsening confusion, seizures, or unequal pupils requires immediate emergency evaluation.
